Watercolor

Opaque and Transparent Watercolor

Watercolor is typically defined as any opaque or transparent paint that is water soluble and mixed with water when painted. Most watercolors are aqueous based and contain a pigment (powdered color or dye) and some kind of glue (typically gum arabic) to form a paste that can be thinned with water. This paint becomes transparent when thinned with water but can also be applied as opaque color if you (or the manufacturer) add white pigment or opaque white filler.

When mixed with a generous amount of water, watercolor can appear as a thin transparent wash of color. As an additional wash is applied, a visual compound of color develops as the underlying color(s) interacts and adds to the upper layers. In a transparent watercolor, the only white spaces will be those areas of the paper that remain unpainted. Consequently, white areas in this type of painting must be carefully planned for and protected against unintentional coloring.

Opaque watercolors appear solid and cannot be readily seen through once they have dried. Gouache, casein, tempera, and acrylic pigments are all designed to remain opaque when applied straight from their containers. If these types of paints are mixed with water, though, they too can appear transparent or translucent.

Most watercolors are available from manufacturers in tube, pan, or liquid format. All have their own attributes and drawbacks, but usually a specific type is chosen for a particular application. As mentioned above, other water-based paints such as gouache or acrylic can also be used as watercolor, again depending on the desired look. For the more initiated, watercolors can be made from scratch, but that route demands much more time, materials, and know-how.

Years ago, watercolors were available mostly in a dry cake format, and this type of watercolor is still available today. These colors are typically partitioned in little tins, some of which contain a limited palette of colors that have a hinged top for storage. Although these colors are effective for small-scale transparent works, the colors must be lathered in the tins with a wet brush in order to pick up the grains of color. This limits the amount of color that can be picked up at any time and isn't particularly good for brushes either.

Since watercolor can be a dynamic form of painting, colors must be applied quickly and uniformly in order to capture an intended look or atmosphere. Watercolor in dried cake format limits the rate at which paint can be applied, so work must remain small and localized. It is also difficult to pick up enough concentrated color to make opaque areas of color. This type of watercolor is available in many colors and has a nearly indefinite life span (if kept dry when not in use).

Most contemporary watercolorists prefer instead to use moist watercolors that are manufactured in tubes. These are available in a large array of colors from bold hues to subtle shades in tubes of various sizes and grades. They also contain a fair amount of opaque filler for nice, solid coloring. These colors are very convenient to transport and use and, if properly sealed and stored, will last for quite some time.

Perhaps the best appeal of tube watercolor is that large quantities of color can be quickly dispensed and picked up for use in large-scale paintings. When applied straight from the tube, these colors will remain virtually opaque; but if you add some water, they will wash very nicely for semi-transparent effects.

For special types of work, watercolors are also available in liquid form. These dye-based watercolors are designed for effects from dark colors to very transparent, bordering on crystal clear. This form is quite thin and fluid and, if used straight from the jar, the colors will appear strikingly dark and intense but still have a transparent quality because the liquid watercolor contains no opaque filler. If a few drops are placed in a small vessel of water, the resultant tint can be used as an extremely thin and subtle wash.

All watercolor pigments are permanent to various degrees. Some manufacturers rate their pigments with a star system (*** for absolute permanency, ** for excellent permanency, * for fair permanency). Permanence is defined as colors that will remain bright and clear (under normal displaying conditions) long enough for your great grandchildren to appreciate them and beyond.

There are now scores of different colors available to the watercolorist. Some are exotic specialized colors and tints and others are essential for most types of works. The colors that can be created by mixing these pigments are practically unlimited. And in all cases, the quality of today's watercolors is the best that it has ever been.

So grab a few brushes, a handful of colors, and some good watercolor paper and see how these paints flow and interact. The additional guidance of an illustrated watercolor book will get you started on a journey that will bring you many hours of discovery and joy.

Competitions

Pastel -- Pastel Society of the West Coast 14th Annual International Open Exhibition "Pastels USA," Roseville, CA. Soft pastel only. Juror: Gil Dellinger. Awards totaling $10,000. For a prospectus, send a business size SASE to: PSWC "Pastels USA," c/o Kathryn Higley, 828 Mikkelsen Dr., Auburn, CA 95603. Deadline: February 17.

Aqua Media -- Seventh Biennial North American Open Show sponsored by the New England Water Color Society, Boston, MA. Open to artists in Canada and the U.S. Aqua media only. Juror: Barbara Nechis, AWS. Awards totaling $5,000. Send a business size SASE to: Michael Domina, 51 Abby Road, Braintree, MA 02184-7238. Deadline: March 1.

Multi-Media -- National Small Works Juried Fine Art Exhibition, George Waters Gallery, Elmira, NY. Theme: "Spirituality." Open to all U.S. artists in all styles/2-D artwork, including photography and digital images. Maximum size 30x30 including frame. Juror: Art Dept. Faculty. Send SASE to George Waters Gallery, Attn: M. Dennis, Elmira College, Elmira, NY 14901. Deadline: January 21.

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Kids' Korner

Ornaments, Gifts, and Wildlife Treats

It's time to have some ornamental fun and create holiday decorations that will become family heirlooms! Seed balls, as photographed and advertised in leading holiday catalogs this season, are easy, fun and can provide year-round decorating elements.

Materials needed:

• Styrofoam balls in various sizes. If you choose Styrofoam, select one of the special adhesives that will adhere to that porous surface; or
• Satin ornaments. Satin balls allow the use of white general-purpose glue to attach the seeds and small beans.
• Small peas and beans (such as lentils, mung beans, and other small seeds). Select a variety of colors and small uniform shapes.
• Brush-on sealer (Suggestion: an artists' acrylic painting medium in gloss finish; or ask a parent or other adult to spray a coating of clear glossy sealer.)

Here are two different ways to apply the seeds or beans on the surface of the ball:

1. Apply the seeds in a specific design, perhaps a spiral shape or circles, one inside the next. Firmly press the seeds or peas into place. Allow to dry completely, and then fill in any tiny spaces with smaller seeds.

2. Apply a patch of adhesive and carefully press the ball shape into a small pile of seeds. Allow to dry slightly before continuing. Repeat until the surface is uniformly covered.

Attach a hanger to the ball if you want to use it as a hanging ornament. A hairpin can be pushed into a Styrofoam ball to form a perfect loop. Then tie on ribbon or string and you are ready to hang the ornament on your tree. Most satin balls come with a hanger already in place. Nothing could be easier. Just apply your seeds and peas around the hanger, and then loop a ribbon through the hole.

After covering the balls with seeds or peas/beans, allow to dry completely. Apply an even coating of clear glossy sealer. After this dries, apply a second coat. (Store between seasons in a dry, cool place.)

If you enjoy this project, expand it to other shapes. Consider covering small wooden or papier-maché‚ boxes with the same seeds or beans. Remember to coat these as well. The sealer will give the boxes extended life and a lustrous sheen. Great texture, great looks, easy and fun!

For a neat desktop pencil holder, start with an empty soup can. Glue heavy paper to the outside of the can, and then use a strong adhesive to attach the seeds or beans over the paper cover. Apply at least two coats of sealer.

You can take this idea one step in another direction. Why not create wildlife treats? One method is to start with a pinecone. Roll the cone in peanut butter to form a thick coat (about 2 to 3 T. per cone). Then roll in birdseed. Allow to dry for a day and then tie a string around the cone and hang in any tree near your window. Enjoy the visitors!

Holiday Products

Children can share in the enjoyment of the Christmas season with two new products from Usborne Books. Christmas Activities (ages 4 and up) includes simple step-by-step instructions and illustrations for projects that include six different decoration ideas, five things to make, and five Christmas card ideas. Included are over 100 colorful stickers to use with the projects and on homemade cards and gift tags. With the new Christmas Kid Kit, you and your child (age 3-7) can decorate tree cards, glitter stars, a paper cascade, and Christmas angels with materials provided; or learn how to make paper stockings, Swedish hanging cookies, a gingerbread house, edible treats, and more. Simple picture and written instructions are provided along with supplies: blunt tip scissors, glue stick, paper twist and tape, ribbon, papers, doilies and glitter, tissue and tracing papers, jingle bell, and more.

Holiday Gift Guide I

For Kids:

--The new Pocket Sized Doll Pin Kits from Jacquard are cute, colorful, and fun to make. Paint them, dress them, and then pin them on. Choose from Cornelia the Clown, Daphne the Dancer, or Melinda the Mermaid. Jacquard also has two new additions to their popular Create-ures Animal Kits: Horse and Puppy. Included are stuffed cotton muslin animals, 6-8 colors of Dye-Na-Flow, #4 brush, fine black detail marker, dropper and cup for mixing colors, transfer paper, face patterns and an informative educational booklet loaded with animal facts, illustrations and complete painting instructions.

--From Barron's Tiny Hands series (ages 3-5), teachers and parents will find ideas that inspire kids to develop their imaginations and create projects for fun and learning. Each book presents 17 projects with diagrams, full-color illustrations and templates. Joining this series are projects for Spring and Summer.

--Gifts to consider from Dr. Toy's Best 100 Toy Winners for 1999 include: Makit & Bakit Decorative Bowls (age 9-12) from Quincraft, My First Business (age 6-14) from Perfection Enterprises, Castle Pattern (age 1-12) from Parallel Universe, JuniorNet (age 3-12), Scrapbooking for Kids (age 7-12) from Hot Off the Press, Expandagon Construction System (age 8-12) from Hoberman Designs, Wind Machine (age 8-12) from Curiosity Kids, and Crayola Model Magic Make & Keep Critters (age 4 and up) from Binney & Smith. See the entire list online at www.drtoy.com.

For Adults:

--Artists, framers, or photographers will cut clean, beautiful double and triple oval mats, inlays and arcs with Alto's versatile, affordable, and easy to use Oval Template Set. It comes with a Model 30 Mat Cutter (left- or right-handed and great for cutting freehand designs), four templates and four spacers, line guide, five blades, and a 16-page booklet of complete illustrated instructions to guide you from basic to complex mat designs. A lifetime warranty is included.

--Artograph's Lightracer II provides artists and crafters with a whopping 12" x 18" brightly-lit acrylic surface plenty of room to trace designs, stencils, patterns, etc., for stenciling, calligraphy and lettering, scrapbooking, or simply viewing slides and transparencies. Features include a conveniently slanted surface and a handy recessed tool tray.

--All artists and crafters will put to good use the FRISK Cutting Mats from Artool Made from an original material that is virtually odorless and flexible, they are termed "self healing" because, while you may see cutting marks on the surface, they cannot be felt. If a mat becomes bent or warped, simply leave it in direct sunlight or warm water for a period of time and it will resume its original shape. The non-glare surface is easy on the eyes when using overhead lighting. Available in Transparent, Black, and Green in four sizes from 9x12 to 24x36. For a great stocking stuffer, see FRISK Canvas Mask, the next generation masking film that is pressure sensitive, allowing adjustment of the degree of adhesion over a wider variety of surfaces than conventional masking films. Canvas Mask can be left on surfaces indefinitely without adhering more strongly and possibly damaging artwork. This is great for canvas, watercolor paper, illustration board, plastic or metallic surfaces; and it is available in four different sized rolls ranging from 12" x 10 yd. to 24" x 25 yd.

--General Pencil's #70 Kit, Learn Watercolor Pencil Techniques Now, contains a 24-page full color step-by-step lesson book, preprinted watercolor paper pad (with 10 designs by Kathi Hanson), 6 Kimberly Watercolor Pencils, 1 Kimberly All Art Gold #4 Brush, and All Art Pencil Sharpener. Begin with the basics of color theory and learn four basic pencil techniques. Also included are four bonus patterns and finished art ideas ideal for fine art, memory books, photo frames, and greeting cards. And ideal for holiday projects or a stocking stuffer is General's Gold & Silver Scribe Kit. Metallic pencils in Glimmering Gold and Sparkling Silver are great for many art or craft projects for kids and adults.

--Any artist or crafter would greatly appreciate Gagne's new thin profile Porta-Trace lightbox Thinlite (Model PT-8511). The all-new technology offers bright, color-corrected light. Features include a 7-1/2" x 10-3/4" viewing dimension, .75" height (profile), an AC direct plug, convenient on/off switch, and a weight of only 22 oz.!

--New from Jacquard is the Dip N' Dab Paint a Tie & Handkerchief Kit. Everything you need to create a very unique and personal fashion statement for the man or woman in your life is included.

--MagEyes, a hands-free head-mounted magnifier, makes a great gift for those who sculpt, paint intricate paintings, miniatures or crafts; make jewelry (soldering or doing intricate bead, gem, or metal work); and anywhere else that magnification would be necessary or convenient. Features include an optical quality dual acrylic lens, slip-on cushioned headband in one-size-fits-all, swing-out visor, and greater available power by replacing the 2.5X lens with the 4X lens.

--Perfect for the holiday season are Strathmore's new black Photo Mount and Photo Frame Greeting Cards. Simply attach a photo (or small artwork) to the front of an embossed photo mount card or slide it into one of the new die-cut photo frame cards to create customized greeting cards. These are ideal for use with the popular gel and metallic ink pens and markers. Perfect stocking stuffers include Strathmore's 400 HB Sketch Book or Pad, Watercolor Pad, and Watercolor Postcards.

Books also make wonderful gifts for artists to learn, inspire, or view beautiful art:

--Jacquard's Fabric Dyeing & Printing by Kate Wells, senior technical instructor of dyeing and printing at the Royal College of Art in London, is comprehensive in scope and technical detail. Step-by-step photography shows techniques such as natural dyeing, printing with foil, and hand block printing. The works of many artists demonstrate how techniques can be combined and interpreted.

--The Watercolor Basics Series from North Light Books is designed for beginners who want to develop a solid foundation of skills for painting watercolor. Each book includes everything artists need to get started painting a wide array of simple subjects. Choose from the following Watercolor Basics titles: Painting Flowers, Painting from Photographs, Perspective Secrets, Color, and Let's Get Started.

--Watson-Guptill Publications' new series began with Zoo: Animals in Art by Edward Lucie-Smith. Artwork includes more than 300 portrayals of animals plus insights into the paintings, short biographical sketches of the artists themselves (Audubon, Durer, Gaugin, et al), and selected prose and poetry. Second in the series is Cat: Wild Cats and Pampered Pets by Andrew Edney. Included are 400 pages of exquisite art (from da Vinci to Hockney) that spans the centuries, flanked by prose and poems drawn from the world's literature. Third in the series is Sex: Portraits of Passion by John Williams. This book, depicting sexuality in art, is perfect for friend or lover and includes a collection of 300 works of art, including paintings, sculpture, photographs and drawings, drawn from classical and various Western schools, the erotic arts of China, Japan and India, and the highly sensual photorealist works by contemporary American and European artists.

Framing

Special Frames for Special Items

Almost everyone has something they want to put in a frame and hang on the wall. However, many of these things are not flat, thin or easy to frame. For this reason, they are often relegated to a box on a shelf or under the bed, never to be enjoyed or exhibited.

Well, it's time to explore easy, straightforward ways to exhibit things that fall into this category. In addition, other items might be enhanced by the use of decorative and festive matting, especially items that might be presented as gifts or for seasonal display in your home.

Some items could be forced beneath a glass and into a frame, but wouldn't look exactly the way you would hope they might. Such items might include a special football or basketball jersey, a crocheted doily, an old 45-RPM record that was your favorite song in an earlier time, or an old letter with its original envelope. You get the idea. These items are nearly flat, yet present some interesting mounting or presentation hurdles.

In actuality, any item, no matter how thick, can be mounted and framed in one of the two following methods. Simply take into consideration the thickness of the item being presented, and adjust the directions to facilitate for that thickness. All procedures and techniques are the same for any item once those allowances are made.

For our example, we will mount a 45-RPM record. The most "showy" way to present this type of item is to float the record on the surface of a colored mat board. For elevated matting, the presentation of an item is mounted with the expectation that a decorative mat will be added around the item. In this case, our record is placed on the colored field. We then design a mat to go around the record and against which the glass will rest. This mat should have an opening that is larger than the record so that the colored field on which the record is attached becomes part of the display, e.g., if the record is 7 inches in diameter, the opening should be at least 8 inches in diameter. This allows 1/2 inch of background color to show around the record). Your window can have either a round opening or a square one, depending on your preference. The record can be attached with adhesive or you can use small plastic brackets originally used to hold coins in display boxes. The brackets grip the edge of the record and can be pushed through the backing material to hold the record firmly. Brackets can be purchased at many art supply and craft stores or through coin dealers

Attach strips of foam board to the back side of the windowed matting. That will elevate the mat above the level of the mounted record and avoid glass contact against the record. It may require double thicknesses of foam board to elevate the glass adequately.

Complete this project as any other framing project, by placing a clean glass over the "sandwich" of materials and setting the entire package into your frame. Secure the package in the frame with long slender nails or points, and then put on backing paper and a hanging wire.

The second method is to "sink" your item into a fabric "well." Cutting a double thickness of matting with a window the size you need to display the item does this. Again, if it were the 7-inch record, the well should be at least 8 inches so that it is apparent that the record is indeed recessed and the items don't seem crowded in the frame.

After the double thickness matting is prepared, cover the front of the mat with a coating of spray adhesive. Then attach fabric to the mat surface. Care should be used to align the weave of the fabric with the edges of the mat and the window so that it is as neat as possible. Crooked alignment looks unprofessional and will detract from the look of the finished work. Set the mat window fall-out back into place over the freshly mounted fabric so that the fall-out sits into the window opening. This will help hold the fabric tightly in place, even along the window edges. Allow the entire "package" to lie under heavy weight for about 24 hours.

Remove the fall-out and mount a backing board to the mat to provide support for the record you will then mount. Attachment of the record can be done as described above. Follow this with the placement of the glass and compiling the unit within a frame. Note: For this method to work best, the thickness of the double mat must be greater than the thickness of the mounted record. The idea is to have some separation between the record surface and the glass.

For other festive approaches, you might want to try a special woven ribbon mat. This is elegant and can be created in a variety of colors, textures and widths of ribbon for a most impressive presentation.

Begin by cutting the desired size of matting for the completed project and then cut the window. Apply a repositionable spray adhesive or burnish on a layer of dry sheet adhesive to create a "tacky" surface on the front of the windowed mat. This is the surface on which you will weave the ribbons.

Begin to lay the strips of ribbon, lace, or velvet across the surface, carefully aligning the strips to keep them even with the edges of the mat. Work from one corner across and down, weaving strips in as you go. One tip is to lay the strips from side to side, and top to bottom, right over the opening in the center of the mat. This helps keep the order, placement and fit correct. Weight the surface for 24 hours to press the ribbons into place. Trim the center away. Fold edges and center window ends to the back side of the mat and glue down.

Ribbon mats can be color coordinated for holiday photos, portraits, and wedding shots and make a unique presentation.

Airbrush

Tapes and Tips

Tape has always had its place in the airbrush artist's studio. It's used for everything from securing a drawing to fixing a leak in an air hose. But, for the airbrush artist, tape is also used as a masking material for works on all types of surfaces and in place of frisket film or acetate stencils. A variety of tapes are handy to use in the development of an airbrush painting. Some are suitable for works on paper, others for only canvas and gessoed surfaces, and still others can be used on all surfaces. The tapes that we will address are: masking, drafting, art, painting, plastic, and homemade.

Masking Tape -- The most common tape available, this tan paper tape normally has a high adhesive quality and is suitable for use on non-paper surfaces. It comes in a variety of widths, and most masking tapes are innately translucent. Artists use wide (2" plus) masking tape on their acrylic paintings on canvas. Overlapping strips of tape are used to cover a line drawing and, because of the translucent quality of the tape, the line drawing is visible through it. Then the image to be painted can be cut out with a sharp stencil knife. It is normally best to burnish the edges of the masking tape stencil to insure a tight edge. Note: Do not leave the tape affixed too long (days); the adhesive may dry out and leave residue on the surface.

Drafting Tape -- This tape has the same physical characteristics as masking tape except that the adhesive is lighter, making it suitable for both paper and gessoed surfaces. It is also limited in the widths available, and normally the largest would be ". It can be left on the work surface much longer than masking tape, has virtually no likelihood of leaving adhesive residue behind, and can be easily cut with a stencil knife. Note: Always remove tape slowly from a paper surface because the paper might tear.

Art Tape -- This is normally a white plastic tape, " wide, that is less flexible than masking and drafting tapes, but gives an extremely hard edge when used in painting. This is well suited for paper surfaces, but sometimes resists adhering to gessoed surfaces. The tack is extremely light, and in some circumstances the tape will release itself from the surface when not desired.

Painter's Tape -- Usually found in a hardware store, this tape is a 2" wide roll of kraft paper with a «" lip of adhesive running its length. Originally designed for masking around windows and trim, this turns out to be a very handy type of tape for the artist. The adhesive is extremely low tack, but holds well. It works on both paper and gessoed surfaces, is easy to apply, gives a 2" barrier to overspray, and is relatively inexpensive.

Clear Plastic Tape (Packing Tape) -- In a pinch, packing tape can be used as a replacement to frisket film when working on gessoed surfaces. Since it is transparent, you can see your drawing; it cuts easily with a stencil knife and can be removed with no residue remaining. However, once cut, it will not give a reusable stencil. Packing tape will normally tear apart when it is removed from the work surface.

Homemade Tape -- A roll of crepe paper can be turned into an excellent tape/masking material. Crepe paper allows much flexibility when masking around curves because of its ability to fan out. Take a strip of crepe paper, cover with newspaper or a board, leaving only «" of the crepe paper exposed. Spray along this area with repositionable adhesive. In essence, you are making your own painter's tape with the added flexibility of the crepe paper.

Most airbrushers employ many unique types of materials in the development of their artwork. And the more they experiment with different tapes, the more possibilities become apparent. When you are in the art, hardware, discount, or auto parts supply store, etc., keep an eye open to discover that unique item that can be used in the development of your paintings.

ArtPourri

Earthwork Acquired The Dia Center for the Arts has acquired Robert Smithson's monumental earthwork "Spiral Jetty," a gift from the artist's estate. This major addition to Dia's collection is located on the Great Salt Lake in Utah, where easier access will be provided in the future.

Controversy Ensues New York's mayor Rudolph Giuliani created headlines over his opposition to a painting of the Virgin Mary by British artist Chris Ofili included in the controversial exhibit "Sensation" at the Brooklyn Museum of Art. Ofili, whose work is in the permanent collections of the Tate and MOMA and who is also Catholic, called his use of shellacked elephant droppings a cultural reference to his African heritage. Giuliani threatened to pull public funding from the institution. The legal battle begins.

Winners Announced Recipients of the 1999 National Medal of Arts include Irene Diamond, arts patron; Michael Graves, architect and designer; and sculptor George Segal, among others.

Museums Planned Construction has begun in Manhattan on a new six-story building to house the Museum of American Folk Art, caretaker and promoter of nearly 4,000 artifacts of American culture.--The Guggenheim Museum has submitted a proposal for a dramatic new building designed by Frank Gehry that would tower over four East River piers and include exhibition wings, a theater, skating rink and more at a cost of $850 million.

Exhibitions:

Yonkers, N.Y. -- "Art and Nature: The Hudson River School Paintings from the Albany Institute of History and Art" at the Hudson River Museum includes 26 of America's renowned and important 19th century landscape paintings by Cole, Church, Durand and others. Through Dec. 19 and then travels to Kalamazoo, Louisville, Chicago, and Morristown, NJ.

Pittsburgh, PA -- "Carnegie International 1999," the 53rd in the series that was founded in 1896, at the Carnegie Museum of Art features paintings, sculpture, and film and video installations from 41 emerging artists from 22 countries. Nov. 6 through March 26.

Denver, CO -- "Impressionism: Paintings Collected by European Museums" is the largest exhibition of Impressionist works ever presented in the Rocky Mountain region and features 58 works from 33 museums in 28 cities in 13 countries across Europe. The exhibit can be viewed through Dec. 12 on this final stop of its U.S. tour.

West Coast -- The work of 70 emerging French artists will be showcased this fall in "Cête Ouest: A Season of French Contemporary Art" at various cultural institutions from Seattle to San Diego. For a list of participating organizations, call the French Consulate in L.A. at (310) 235-3289.

New York City -- The Museum of Modern Art has scheduled a 17-month series of exhibitions under the title "MOMA 2000." Divided into chronological cycles, the first includes "Modern Starts: People" (figurative art) through Feb. 1; "Modern Starts: Places" (geographical sites) through March 14; and "Modern Starts: Things" (object-like works of art) from Nov. 21 to March 14.

November Birthdays:

    3    Walker Evans

11    Edouard Vuillard

15    Wayne Thiebaud

26    George Segal

29    James Rosenquist

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Copyright ARTtalk Vol. 10 No. 1 -- November 1999