Plein Air Painting

In centuries past, plein air painting was virtually the only way to document a scene or locale. Artists had no way to record a view and paint in their studios, so they sat outside and painted the scenes just as they were. Today, it seems that painting outdoors is an intimidating experience for some artists. Even those who have painted for many years are more accustomed to painting in their studios, working from study drawings and photographs.

Many artists love plein air painting because it puts them directly into the natural surroundings they are trying to capture. Their close association with the scents and sights actually stimulates their creativity and makes the experience more enjoyable.

Here are some tips that might make the experience not only a good one but maybe an exceptional one as well. The tools you choose to take have a big effect on the success of your outing. Create a list of the materials you need. Examine the list and consider alternatives to heavy, large or unnecessary items. If you find that you still must carry a lot, scout the scene you want to capture to find the best setup spot before unloading the car and setting up. This won't make the setup easier but will make it more systematic. Consider an easel and painter's box combo to cut the weight and items needed. Perhaps you could also find one with a stool included in the kit--one less item to move around.

In the realm of actual painting materials, you may want to quickly capture the scene with a small set of watercolors or a reduced color spectrum of pastels rather than carry all your regular items to the scene. Some suggestions include the use of a small palm-sized watercolor pan set and a flask of water. Use a small spiral pad of paper and have blotters available to set between quick studies. These will give you the essence of the site without having to do a completed painting.

Pastels offer several good aspects for plein air work. They are small, lightweight and easy to set up. They do not require water or other separate fluid and can render quickly the essence of the site. Rather than carrying the entire set of dozens of colors, settle on a group of 10 to 12 that can be combined to help you create a great study work. More involved and detailed color work can be added to these initial paintings at the studio or can be the basis for one or more separate works.

The work space will be much smaller than a studio environment. Remember that time is short and light is changing with every second. Attempt to set up with the smallest "footprint" and you will have a better experience. If it takes you a good while to set up, you won't be able to get much work done. The sun is the most important element in plein air work, other than the medium in which you work. Even though time flies, doing a quick study sketch will help you determine if the perspective you have will best convey the look you want. The few minutes it takes might save you a lot of work later.

Where you set up is important, too. Try to keep the sun at your back, shining on the work surface rather than into your eyes. Avoid the temptation to set up in the shade because the light will not be good for working in that location. Wear a hat to protect yourself and sunscreen, because working right out in the middle of the brightest spot may give you the perfect light and look.

Cleanup after working is a part of the picture, too. Carry waterless hand cleaner to remove the smudges and dribbles of material from your hands. This will eliminate the necessity for water. Expect to partially clean your brushes in whatever medium you use, wrap them tightly in plastic wrap or a zip-lock bag, and then do a thorough cleaning back in the studio.

To carry wet paintings, there are special canvas transport carriers available or you can make one yourself. Stand the wet canvases face to face, without touching. Slip a thin strip of wood between the top edges of the wet works and use heavy-duty spring clamps to hold them together tightly. Remove the strip when you return home and touch up any areas that might have been disturbed.

The last tip is to work smaller than you normally do. Smaller works can be completed more quickly and you can do more of them in a given time. A finished work is not necessarily the goal. You might consider initial plein air experiences as learning tools. Find out what works for you and do what you like. A plan of action will become clear to you with a few outings under your belt.

Above all, remember that plein air painting is a chance to be in nature, to relax and feel what is going on around you. The experience should be gratifying and very enjoyable.

Summer Sculpting and Casting

After a year of school, every youngster is ready for some fun. Why not use the summer break to do some creative work and have a lot of fun in the process? Two avenues to consider include polymer clay sculpting and creating sand-cast plaster forms. Both are inexpensive and give an outlet for creativity that might blossom.

Polymer Clay Sculpting

Polymer clay sculpture is a great avenue of exploration for a couple of reasons. The cost is low and the items become permanent with a short trip into any kitchen oven. Colors are rich and vibrant and there are now metallic surfaces to complete the choices. Color blending is very easy--just work colors together to create original colors or blends that you need for your work. You can also use crushed aluminum foil to create an "armature" for an oversized sculptural piece or to create a hollow form, thereby saving a lot of clay. Just cover the entire outer surface of the foil shape with whatever color or texture you want, add appendages and decorations, and then bake it in the oven. That's all there is to it.

If your item needs a hanging hole, be sure to create it before baking. Add textures and designs to the soft clay, add metallic eye shadow for shimmering accents, paint with acrylic paints--you decide how you want to decorate the work. Polymer clay is a great material for kids to use to make creatures, cartoon characters, animals and the like.

Sand Casting

Sand casting is perfect for making items of plaster. Sand can be shaped and formed into any type of design, and then plaster is poured into the shape to make a replica. The original shape can be pressed into sand to duplicate the original many times. Plaster is available at all art material dealers and is easy to mix and use. Caution: Do not allow the powder or mixed solution to get into the eyes. Should it accidentally occur, flush with water and seek medical help.

Shapes that make great plaster casts include any flat, textured objects such as sea shells, thick leaves, jar lids, cut glass bowls, and wooden shapes. Simply press the item down into damp sand, being sure the shape will be thick enough to retrieve after the plaster sets up. Pour the mixed plaster into the form and wait until firm. Clean off excess sand and voila! The item is ready to paint with any water-based paints. Acrylics are permanent and can be sealed with a clear acrylic spray for longer life.

So here you have a perfect indoor and a great outdoor project for the summer. Collect the materials you need, perhaps invite a friend and have a wonderful time making things. Enjoy your summer!

Kids' Extravalooza '05

Families from across the nation are invited to celebrate the kid in all of us during the National Children's Museum and KOL Kids' Extravalooza '05 presented by America Online. This high-energy event will take place on Sunday, June 5th, at the Ronald Reagan Building in Washington, D.C. from 4-8pm. This annual fundraising event for the National Children's Museum (slated to open in 2008) features interactive activities, games, refreshments and more. For further info, call 202.772.0439.

Junior Dali Docent Summer Program

One of the most popular Dali Museum (St. Petersburg, FL) programs, the Junior Dali Docent Summer Program, is being offered June 6-11 and July 18-23. Coached by Dali docents, this program offers students, age 9-13 years of age, a chance to learn about Dali through a private tour of the collection. They become responsible for learning about a particular painting in-depth; and at the end of the week they share this information with family, friends and the museum visitors during a special Junior Dali Docent Tour. In addition, students create their own surreal artworks and make new friends. For info: aotero@salvadordalimuseum.org; 727.823.3767, x3026.

Art Products for Kids

• Bulk Packs from Strathmore -- Just in time for summer arts and crafts (and back-to-school projects), Strathmore Kids Series Drawing and Construction Papers are now available in bulk packs of 200 sheets. Keep the kids and their friends busy and encourage their creativity by drawing with pens, colored pencils or crayons and by cutting and pasting.
• Sidewalk Paints from Crayola -- Sidewalk Paints are bright, vivid colors that easily cover large outdoor spaces. Just pour the paint into the tray and use the brush and roller to paint on your sidewalk, driveway, or blacktop. To clean up, simply rinse off the paint with a garden hose.

Studio Art Courses

The Brooklyn Museum's Gallery-Studio Program offers a summer of fun with challenging studio art courses for students ages six to adult. Participants develop art skills through studying the Museum's permanent collections and the special exhibition, Monet's London, while experimenting with a variety of materials and techniques. Exciting classes in drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture, mixed media and photography are available. All levels of experience are welcome. Registration forms and payment must be received by June 26. For further info, call 718.501.6230 or visit www.brooklynmuseum.org/education/gallery-studio/.

Exhibitions

Wild Things: The Art of Maurice Sendak
The Jewish Museum, New York, NY
Through August 14

This exhibition explores the 50-year career of illustrator and author Maurice Sendak, best known for children's classics such as Where the Wild Things Are and In the Night Kitchen. Tracing his work from 1960 to the present, the exhibition is filled with projects in different media and represents various stages of the artistic process. Nearly 140 works are on view, including 112 original drawings by the artist. While the exhibition is intended for an adult audience, children will enjoy it as well. One gallery has been carpeted and pillowed and transformed into a children's reading room inspired by Max's room as it turns into a forest in Where the Wild Things Are.

That's All Folks! The Art of Warner Brothers Cartoons
James A. Michener Art Museum
Doylestown, PA
Through July 3

This lively and popular exhibition is a comprehensive overview of a legendary Hollywood animation studio, the rambunctious birthplace of characters that have become part of American folklore. Featured are over 160 drawings, paintings, cels and related objects used in the making of Warner's classic cartoons from the 1930s through 1960.

Beautiful Basic Beading

Beads offer a variety of materials that are hard to match. There is a color and shape of bead for any project you might want to create. Tools and other materials are inexpensive and readily available. Text and instructions that cover basic techniques, specialty applications and advanced projects abound. Monthly publications are also available to give you direction and stimulation towards new projects. All you have to do is open a book or magazine and the creative juices start to flow.

The beads you select might be made of any number of materials. Polymer clay is one popular material, one that you can use to create your own original beads. Crystal, natural gemstone chips, clay, bone, metal, glass, plastic and even paper beads can be used to create many simple designs that look like a million. Beads range in price from pennies to dollars each, depending on the material from which they are made and their intricacy. Glass and crystal beads are shiny, bright and eye-catching but cost more than plastic, bone or clay. Paper beads are virtually free and can be as much fun to make as they are to use in jewelry and accessories. They also represent a viable use for old magazine pages so you will be recycling as you create.

For paper beads, you can choose one of several methods of design. Cut a strip of paper from a brightly colored magazine sheet, making the strip 6 to 8 inches long with an elongated point at one end. Using a toothpick, roll the paper from the blunt end toward the pointed end. You will see that as the taper starts, the bead begins to swell through the center. If you lengthen the taper, the bead gets fatter. If you shorten the taper, the bead will be only slightly blunted and not as fat. Coordinating the color of paper you use will give you a lot of control over the overall color of your finished beads. Or, if you like more abstract looks, combine different colors and textures of paper beads. String them on heavy carpet thread long enough to slip over your head and you won't need to worry about clasps or other closures. Earrings to match can be made by stringing a couple of coordinated beads onto heavy thread. Tie the ends to the loop at the bottom of an ear wire and voila! Instant earrings!

Beading onto coiled wire is a fast and easy way to create bracelets. Better quality beads with a lot of sparkle and shimmer are especially good for "memory wire" bracelets. Simply thread beads along the length of wire and attach a small seed bead at each end of the wire with round-ended pliers. If you want to add dangle beads to the wire, simply string on a jump ring or safety loop. When you have completed the length of beads, go back and attach dangles at each of the jump rings. Very sophisticated designs can be made in this way.

Beading boards are used for design layout for necklaces that require symmetry. The boards have shallow channels in which you lay beads, work out designs and color patterns, and then string the beads in the order they are laid out. It makes design much easier because you see the entire project and can make alterations without having to re-do or re-string.

Beads are sized in many ways. Seed beads are tiny glass beads that come in a variety of colors and are used for small detail work and as accents in fiber art such as cross-stitch. Their size makes them a bit of a challenge to work with because it takes a lot of them to make an impact. They do, however, offer two advantages to other beads. They are small and, therefore, easily transportable and they are inexpensive. And they are often packaged in tubes so that they are very easily selected by color.

Tube beads are elongated glass beads that come in varied lengths from about ¬ inch to an inch. They are especially good for dangling and accent work such as formal gowns, draping necklaces and even home decor such as lamp shade edging. They sparkle and shimmer with any movement. Colors, both transparent and opaque, can be combined for superb glamour and eye-catching appeal.

Hand tools you will want to collect include a pair of metal clippers to cut wire and round-tipped pliers. Their round tips help you create easy loops at the ends of wire. Stringing wire called "tigertail" is a tiny woven wire with plastic coating and is very strong. Crimp beads are small soft metal beads that you squeeze closed over the ends of tigertail and hold fast. Tigertail is helpful if you want to do some necklaces using glass or metal beads. Both of these beads tend to have sharp edges and will wear through other stringing materials. Clip backs and ear wires will help you make original earrings. Pin backs can be decorated and offered as original pins.

All of the above materials and tools are available at any art material or craft store. A wide selection of beads will help you create a broad range of fashion accessories. The Web is loaded with sites that offer basic directions for easy-to-make yet fashionable items. Take a look at your local supply source, catalogs or the Internet for great ideas and "how-to" sheets for beginner projects.

Books on Beadwork

--Easy Beaded Jewelry by Susan Ray and Sue Wilke introduces the art of beading jewelry and offers 75 projects to appeal to both novice and experienced beaders. The authors discuss defining a personal style and allowing the style to be defined in the projects. They explain how to choose colors, where to find stock, how to clean and store beads and what tools to buy. The techniques chapter provides readers the essentials for stringing single and multi-strand jewelry and assembling findings and closures. Krause Publications, 144 pages, paperback.

--The Art of Beadwork--Historic Inspiration, Contemporary Design by Valerie Hector introduces readers to the quality, diversity and artistry of beadwork from around the world, from ancient to modern. This book teaches beaders to translate one or more of a piece's characteristics--color, design, technique and dimensionality--into innovative contemporary jewelry designs. Readers are guided through 24 exquisite projects inspired by museum-quality beadworks from cultures in four geographic regions: Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Watson-Guptill, 160 pages, paperback.

Mohawk Purchases Strathmore Artist Papers

Mohawk Paper Mills, Inc. has announced it has purchased the Fine Papers business from International Paper of Stamford, CT. The new company will employ approximately 800 people and includes both fine papers for commercial printing and the Strathmore Artist Papers business.

Mohawk's expanded offering ranges from writing, text and cover, opaque, coated, brights, digital and color copy papers to traditional and non-traditional artist papers. The new Mohawk will now offer a complete and diverse range of papers for artists, corporations, paper merchants, printers and designers. Mohawk is the first large-scale production facility in the U.S. to use non-polluting wind energy to manufacture paper, and several recycled products have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council and Green Seal.

The history of Strathmore Paper Company began with a groundbreaking for its first mill on St. Patrick's Day in 1892. Horace Moses opened the Mittineague paper mill in West Springfield, MA, six months later, when the first sheet of paper rolled off the new company's 86" fourdrinier on December 15. The first production run was in January 1893. Soon after opening the first mill, Mr. Moses visited the Valley of Strathmore in Scotland. The thistle was in full bloom and the beauty of the site impressed him so much that he started using the name and the thistle as a symbol of high quality art and printing papers.

The Strathmore brand name began to appear on fine art papers in 1899, first with Charcoal and soon after with Bristol. The Strathmore brand quickly became known as one of the highest quality art papers used by many leading artists around the world. Today, Strathmore Artist Papers continues to provide artists of all levels with the ideal surface for producing beautiful works of art.

The choice of papers is one of the most important decisions artists make in determining the outcome of their work. Strathmore papers are manufactured to exacting specifications for every level of expertise.

The symbol of the thistle may have taken on a different appearance throughout the years, but the quality of Strathmore Artist Papers has remained second to none. For over 100 years Strathmore has provided artists with the finest papers and fine art supplies on which to create their artwork.

Drawing Papers include Sketch Paper, Bristol and Illustration Board, Mat Board, Charcoal Paper, Pastel Paper, Watercolor Paper, Hard Cover Books and Specialty Papers. Decorative Sheets include Textured Sheets, Creative Greeting Cards, Photo Greeting Cards, Specialty Greeting Cards, Reserve Collection, Pure Paper Assortments, Thai Dye Handmade Papers, Strathmore KIDS Series and Student Art Pads. And Inkjet Papers include Inkjet Project Paper and Digital Photo Paper. See www.strathmoreartist.com.

Creative Time's "Art on the Plaza"
Ritz-Carlton Plaza, Battery Park City
New York, NY
Through October 30

Jim Hodges' massive new sculpture, Look and See, a 9-ton camouflage curtain, transports visitors on a sensual journey as they experience the warped refractive environment that fuses reflections of their own images with the opposing landscapes of skyscrapers and park and raises questions about identity, artifice and nature.

"Magical Giving Garden"
Naperville, IL
Through Summer

The Naperville United Way presents its annual art sculpture event where 45 whimsical fiberglass sculptures will once again go on display along the Riverwalk and all throughout Naperville until Sept. 8 when they go up for auction at the Signature Room in Woodridge. Four fine art sculptures will be incorporated into downtown garden beds for viewing. Also featured will be a mushroom playhouse, fairy garden benches and large butterflies mounted high on trees and lampposts throughout Naperville. Proceeds benefit the United Way and the 25 local human care agencies it supports. In addition, the Mayor's Mini Decorating Contest is intended to include young people and their families in this community-wide event. See www.magicalgivinggarden.org.

New York City Dept. of Parks & Recreation Featured Exhibits

--Curved Wall with Towers and Circle with Towers by Sol LeWitt include a three-foot-high concrete block ring punctuated by eight towers at equal intervals and an 85-foot-long curving wall with fourteen towers placed at equal intervals. Madison Square Park, Manhattan, to December.

--Tulips by Edwina Sandys is a 12-foot-high painted aluminum sculpture of three red and white tulips and the first public art installation in Brooklyn Bridge Park, through September 6.

--Horizontal Wedge by Beverly Pepper features a sheet of weathered steel held aloft by a two-part steel pedestal. Park Avenue Malls, Manhattan, through September 6.

--Well-Lit Chess Pieces by Marjorie Kouns consists of 11 oversized chess pieces placed near chess tables and 26 multicolored vinyl lampshades covering the park lampposts, luminescent by day and glowing like stained glass at night. Washington Square Park, Manhattan, through September 23.

--V W X Yellow Elephant Underwear/H I J Kiddy Elephant Underwear by Chinatsu Ban represent peace and safety, dating back to a small elephant figurine the artist owned as a child. Doris C. Freedman Plaza, Manhattan, through September.

--Persephone by Noah Baen is an ecological sculpture that reclines under a hawthorn tree. A quilt of leaves clustered within garden netting, its form recalls a sleeping figure slowly reuniting with the landscape. Lentol Garden, Williamsburg, Brooklyn, through autumn.

The New Airbrush Illustrator

With the tremendous interest in decorating motorcycles, trucks and cars and other types of vehicles, custom automotive graphic artists find themselves in great demand. Vehicles have been decorated since the days of the chariots. Today, with popular television programs dedicated to the customization of motorcycles and hot rods, the paint jobs and those who execute them are becoming well known. There are many similarities between doing custom automotive paint jobs and doing illustrations for a client. Many artists who have the knowledge and capability of doing airbrush technique as well as the imagination and ability to render objects are applying their talents to auto graphics.

We find that approximately 50% of students taking ARTtalk's basic airbrush workshops are interested in custom automotive painting, along with other applications such as murals, canvas painting, etc. Students wish to learn basic airbrush techniques to become proficient enough to decorate vehicles. Another segment studying airbrush technique constitutes those in the automotive paint industry who already possess a working knowledge of spray guns/equipment/materials, along with artistic desire.

Although learning basic airbrush technique is pretty much the same for most applications, painting on a motorcycle tank, for example, lends itself to some special considerations. One is that you are painting a design that works in 3-D as opposed to 2-D, such as when working on paper or canvas. You can walk around this painting and view one side or the other but obviously not both at the same time. This round shape presents unique masking/frisketing concerns. Available are special types of frisket film that stretch for application to 3-D shapes. (Artool's STRETCH MASK Friskfilm is a multi-medium, stretchable and repositionable, solvent-proof masking film, which is especially suited to conform to curved and irregular surfaces for painting, e.g., motorcycle tanks, helmets, and automotive shapes.)

Paint used in the automotive industry is quite different from that used by the fine artist. The many types range from pearlescent to iridescent and water-based to lacquer-based, and each is worked with differently. There is also a specific process from beginning to end: prime coating, airbrushing of the image, and clear coating. The airbrush artist will usually assign priming/clear coating to other professionals who specialize in that realm..

Imaginative artists who do airbrush paintings on flat surfaces can easily apply their talents to the custom automotive graphics field. It's just a matter of learning about the materials used and methods applied. As in illustration, most graphics jobs are dictated by the customer, who chooses the theme or subject. But there are always those in the field who paint for themselves, and the uniqueness of the image is the selling point to prospective customers. Indeed, the best work commands the highest prices.

Auto Graphics Workshop Offered

Pamela Shanteau will teach "Automotive & Motorcycle Airbrushing," a 2-day workshop on June 4-5 in Indian Lake, N.Y. Hot rods and motorcycles airbrushed by Pamela have been featured in the finest publications in the world. In addition, a how-to Automotive Airbrushing videotape series starring Pamela is available. For more information on this unique workshop opportunity to learn auto graphics, call 845.831.1043 and visit www.arttalk.com/workshop/workshop.htm. Seating is limited.

NEA News--The National Endowment has announced recipients of its Summer Schools in the Arts program, an initiative designed to enhance the quantity and quality of arts education opportunities for youth while creating a variety of model programs. Twenty-five grants totaling over $756,000 were awarded to organizations in communities ranging from Lewiston, ME to Sitka, AL to St. Thomas, VI.--More than 800 grants totaling more than $61 million have been awarded to national, regional, state and local arts organizations across the country. This spring round of grants also includes the first grants to be awarded in the Endowment's "American Masterpieces" program. Eleven grants totaling more than $1.1 million will support visual arts touring of exhibitions from the Phillips Collection to the Norman Rockwell Museum.

Winner Announced--The Smithsonian American Art Museum has announced that Andrea Zittel is the fifth winner of the museum's annual Lucelia Artist Award. This $25,000 award recognizes an American artist under the age of 50 who demonstrates exceptional creativity and has produced a significant body of artwork that is considered emblematic of this period in contemporary art. Zittel's sculptures and installations have been shown widely in the U.S. and Europe. A major touring exhibition of her work, Andrea Zittel: Critical Space, opens at the Contemporary Arts Museum-Houston in October.

Catalogue Wins Award--The catalogue for Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557), The Metropolitan Museum of Art's landmark exhibition of spring 2004, has received the College Art Association's prestigious Alfred H. Barr, Jr. Award. Published by the Museum and distributed by Yale University Press, the catalogue contains 17 essays on the complex story of the flowering of art and culture among rival claimants to power in the late Byzantine period.

Movie Debuts--Modigliani, a film directed by Mick Davis and starring Andy Garcia, will have its world premiere this September at a gala presentation at the 29th Toronto International Film Festival. This film tells the celebrated painter's life story as well as the story of his rivalry with Picasso. A premiere was held in Los Angeles in May.

Designer Chosen--The U.S. General Services Administration, in partnership with the National Park Service, has announced the selection of Rodney Leon as the designer who will create the African Burial Ground permanent memorial in New York City. One of the most significant archaeological finds in U.S. history, the burial ground stretched more than five city blocks during the 17th and 18th centuries. It is estimated that nearly 20,000 enslaved and free Africans are buried in the cemetery, which has been designated a NYC Historic District and a National Landmark.

Milestone Reached--Joe Grant, an artist and writer for Disney, has died at age 96 while working at his drawing board in his home studio. He created the queen-witch in "Snow White" and worked on "Dumbo," "Lady and the Tramp," "Aladdin," "The Lion King" and "Pocahontas," among other Disney films.

Renowned Painting Auctioned--A Wal-Mart heiress provided the winning bid in a silent auction at Sotheby's for Asher Durand's painting, "Kindred Spirits." The work, which depicts painter Thomas Cole and poet William Cullen Bryant standing on a rocky ledge overlooking the Catskill Mountains, was offered for sale by the New York Public Library in order to increase its endowment. Said to have sold for more than $35 million, the painting will be exhibited in a museum being built by the Walton family foundation scheduled to open in 2009 in Bentonville, AR.

Exhibitions:

Miami, FL -- Miami Art Museum -- Robert Rauschenberg consists of new large-scale paintings from the artist's current series, "Scenarios," and is based on photographs taken by the artist, primarily in the environs of his home in Captiva, FL. Through July 3.

Lincoln, MA -- DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park -- The 2005 De Cordova Annual Exhibition presents an exciting round-up of regional talent in the visual arts. The show focuses on the quality and diversity of contemporary art created in the six New England states by 10 artists who create paintings, sculptures, prints, photographs, installations, and computer-assisted media. Through July 31.

Los Angeles, CA -- Los Angeles County Museum of Art -- Tutankhamen and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs opens June 16 and is the first U.S. venue for a 27-month national tour. Visitors will see 50 major objects excavated from Tut's tomb, including his royal diadem and one of the gold and precious stone inlaid canopic coffinettes. More than 70 objects from other royal graves of the 18th Dynasty will also be showcased. This is a specially ticketed exhibition. Call 323.857.6000 or visit www.KingTut.org. Through November 15 and then travels to Museum of Art, Ft. Lauderdale, in December and The Field Museum, Chicago, in May 2006.

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Copyright ARTtalk Vol. 15 No. 8 -- June 2005